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My name is Poon Cheng Moh. I have been teaching biology in SMK(P) Raja Zarina, Port Klang for 26 years. I sincerely hope that this blog on SPM Biology will be useful to both teachers and students.

Saturday, June 23, 2012

PEPERIKSAAN PERTENGAHAN TAHUN 2012-III


6(a)(i)








Process Y = ultrafiltration

A process whereby:
F1 – water and solutes from glomerulus  being forced to filter through the membrane of Bowman’s capsule
F2 -  by the high hydrostatic pressure
F3 - forming glomerular filtrate  that contains water, glucose, amino acids, urea, mineral  salts and other small molecules

(ii)



F1 -   less efficient in filtration of waste products and excess water in blood plasma
P1-    as a result, urea uric acid/ creatinine /
salt concentration will be increase
P2 -   increase the blood pressure
Suggestion :
F1 -   use haemodialysis machine
F2 -   to replace the function of kidney;  to filter all the waste product and excess water.
(b)








F1 – Glucose reabsorb by facilitated diffusion into blood capillary
E1 – Glucose needed by our body
F2 – Acid amino reabsorb by facilitated diffusion
E2 – Acid amino is needed for body growth / tissue repair
F3 – Plasma protein is a big molecule and cannot move via membrane plasma.
E3 – Plasma protein is still circulating in blood capillary.
F4 – Urea is secreted substances and cannot move back to blood capillary
E4 – Water is reabsorb by osmosis and the concentrate of urea increase.
F5 – Sodium ion is move back to blood capillary via active transport
E5 – Sodium is importance for maintain the blood pressure.
7a)(i)



Muscle cell respiration / Q


Yeast fermentation / P
 1
 Aerobic respiration / with O2
 Anaerobic respiration/ without O2
 2
 Involves respiration enzyme
 Involves respiration enzyme // zimase
 3
 Produces water, CO2 and energy
 Produces ethanol, CO2 and energy
 4
 Occurs in the mitochondria
 Occurs in the cytoplasma
 5
 Produces a lot of energy / 2880 kJ / 36 ATP per molecule glucose
 Produces very little energy / 150 kJ / 2 ATP per molecule glucose
 6
 Glucose is completely oxidised
 Glucose is not completely oxidised



(ii)

During vigorous activity,
1. more blood is sent to the muscles
2. so that oxygen supply to the muscles is increased
3. The heart beats faster
4. to deliver more blood, hence the pulse rate increases

After some time during the activity,
1. respiration takes place anaerobically
2. because the maximum rate of oxygen uptake is less than oxygen demand.
3. there is build up of lactic acid
4. After activity, a period of recovery is needed to provide the oxygen
5. so that the lactic acid can be oxidized
6. and to provide the energy for the recovery of the muscles

 b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Similarities
Fish / M
Human / N
 F1 : Both possess large surface area for gaseous exchange
 E1 : Filaments
 Alveoli
 F2 : Both possess very thin surface gaseous exchange
 E2 : Thin filaments // single cell, therefore rate of diffusion is higher
 E2 : Thin alveoli // single cell, therefore rate of diffusion is higher
 F3 : Both respiratory organs have extensive blood capillary network
 E3 : faster transportation of respiratory gases
 E3 : faster transportation of respiratory gases
 F4 : Both possess respiratory surfaces which are constantly damp
 E4 : More gases can dissolve
 E4 : More gases can dissolve
 F5 : Both use muscles to change pressure in respiratory organ, thorax and mouth
 E5 : Possess muscles attached to the mouth and operculum
 E5 : Possess diaphragm and intercostals muscles
 F6 : Both possess system whereby oxygen is transported to the body tissues by blood vessels
 E6 : Closed blood circulatory system
 E6 : Closed blood circulatory system
Differences
 F7 : To ensure sufficient and continuous supply of oxygen
 E7 : Water flow prevents gills from sticking
 Rings of cartilage in trachea to avoid from collapsing
 F8 : Position of organs to ensure that respiratory surface would not dry out

E8 : Surface for gaseous exchange is outside the body since fish lives in water
 Surface for gaseous exchange is inside the body to avoid dehydration
8(a)
(i) Glucose
P1 : Excess of glucose in the blood is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
P2 : In the liver , if glucose level in blood is low glycogen is converted to glucose
P3 : Excess of glycogen is converted to lipids by the liver
P4 : Reaching the body cells, glucose is oxidized to release energy in cellular respiration

(ii) Amino acids
P5 : In liver , synthesized of plasma protein from amino acids
P6 : In liver excess of amino acids ( cannot be stored in the body but) undergo deamination process.
P7 : Urea is then eliminated by the kidney  
P8 : In body cells , amino acids is used to synthesise new protoplasm and repair of damaged tissues  
P9 : In body cell , amino acids is used to synthesise enzymes/antibodies/hormones 

(iii) Lipids
P10 : Excess lipids is stored in adipose tissues
P11 : Phospholipids and cholesterol make up the plasma membrane
                                                                                                                  Any 10                                                                           
(b)
Total energy value is
5250+1500+2400+2400+750+2500+400+600=15800kJ


P1 :  The menu is not a balanced diet // does not contain the 7 classes of food in appropriate ratio
P2 : Menu is highly rich in carbohydrates and fats // no vegetables and lack of vitamins  //
Higher energy intake compare to energy requirement for a girl aged 15
Consequences
P3 : Constipation
P4 :  lack of  fiber, faeces moving to slowly through the colon
P5 : Scurvy
P6 : lack of vitamin C  //any other vitamins deficiency with explanation

P6 : Obesity
P7 :  increase in body weight drastically due to energy requirement is less then energy intake

P8 : Diabetes mellitus
 P9 : excess of glucose contain in blood , food is highly rich in carbohydrates

P10 : Arteriosclerosis
P12 :  fats deposited in the lumen of blood vessel

P13 : Heart attack
P14 :  blockage in the coronary artery //
Any other cardiovascular diseases with explanation
                                                                                                          
9a)
















P1 : Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
P2: Fertilizer/animal waste which contain nitrate/phosphate may washed out in water when it rains/leaching/run into the lake.
P3: Algae/green plant in the lake grow faster (when they are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
P4: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the water.
P5: block out the light for plants growing beneath them.
P6.Photosynthesis rate reduced
P7:Dissolve oxygen also reduced
P8: Plants  on the top of water and beneath water eventually die.
P9: Their remains are good source of food bacteria //bacteria decomposed the dead plant rapidly//bacteria breed rapidly
P10:The large population of bacteria respires, using up oxygen ,so there is very little oxygen left for other living organism
P11: BOD increased
P12: Those fish which need oxygen have to move other areas or die
                                                                                                                 Any 10
(b)
Negative/bad effects
1. Expose soil to soil erosion// loss of nutrients//loss of water
    catchment area
2. Cause increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
3. Deforestation causes the removal and thinning of the soil layer due
    to exposure to wind and air.
4. The bottom of river is silted by eroded soil.
5. Landslide occurs as the top layer of soil crumbles.
6. Loss of habitats.
7. Loss of thousand species of flora and fauna due to the loss of
    habitats.

Positive/good effects
1. Increases job opportunities among villagers.
2. Improves the infrastructure such as new roads.
3. Increases the economic level of the villagers by selling logs.

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