6(a)(i)
|
Process Y = ultrafiltration
A process whereby:
F1 – water and solutes from
glomerulus being forced to filter
through the membrane of Bowman’s capsule
F2 - by the high hydrostatic pressure
F3 - forming glomerular
filtrate that contains water, glucose,
amino acids, urea, mineral salts and
other small molecules
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(ii)
|
F1 - less
efficient in filtration of waste products and excess water in blood plasma
P1- as a result,
urea uric acid/ creatinine /
salt concentration will be increase
P2 - increase the
blood pressure
Suggestion :
F1 - use haemodialysis machine
F2 - to replace the function of kidney; to filter all the waste product and excess
water.
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(b)
|
F1 – Glucose reabsorb by facilitated diffusion into blood
capillary
E1 –
Glucose needed by our body
F2 – Acid
amino reabsorb by facilitated diffusion
E2 – Acid
amino is needed for body growth / tissue repair
F3 – Plasma
protein is a big molecule and cannot move via membrane plasma.
E3 – Plasma
protein is still circulating in blood capillary.
F4 – Urea
is secreted substances and cannot move back to blood capillary
E4 – Water
is reabsorb by osmosis and the concentrate of urea increase.
F5 – Sodium
ion is move back to blood capillary via active transport
E5 – Sodium is importance for maintain the blood pressure.
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7a)(i)
|
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(ii)
|
During vigorous activity,
1. more blood is sent to the muscles
2. so that oxygen supply to the muscles is increased
3. The heart beats faster
4. to deliver more blood, hence the pulse rate increases
After some time during the activity,
1. respiration takes place anaerobically
2. because the maximum rate of oxygen uptake is less than
oxygen demand.
3. there is build up of lactic acid
4. After activity, a period of recovery is needed to
provide the oxygen
5. so that the lactic acid can be oxidized
6. and to provide the energy for the recovery of the
muscles
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b)
|
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8(a)
|
(i) Glucose
P1 : Excess of glucose in the blood is converted to
glycogen and stored in the liver
P2 : In the liver , if glucose level in blood is low
glycogen is converted to glucose
P3 : Excess of glycogen is converted to lipids by the
liver
P4 : Reaching the body cells, glucose is oxidized to
release energy in cellular respiration
(ii) Amino acids
P5 : In liver , synthesized of plasma protein from amino
acids
P6 : In liver excess of amino acids ( cannot be stored
in the body but) undergo deamination process.
P7 : Urea is then eliminated by the kidney
P8 : In body cells , amino acids is used to synthesise
new protoplasm and repair of damaged tissues
P9 : In body cell , amino
acids is used to synthesise enzymes/antibodies/hormones
(iii) Lipids
P10 : Excess lipids is stored in adipose tissues
P11 : Phospholipids and cholesterol make up the plasma
membrane
Any 10
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(b)
|
Total energy value is
5250+1500+2400+2400+750+2500+400+600=15800kJ
|
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P1 : The menu is
not a balanced diet // does not contain the 7 classes of food in
appropriate ratio
P2 : Menu is highly rich in carbohydrates and fats // no
vegetables and lack of vitamins //
Higher energy intake compare to energy requirement for a
girl aged 15
Consequences
P3 : Constipation
P4 : lack of fiber, faeces moving to slowly through
the colon
P5 : Scurvy
P6 : lack of vitamin C //any other vitamins deficiency with
explanation
P6 : Obesity
P7 : increase in
body weight drastically due to energy requirement is less then energy
intake
P8 : Diabetes
mellitus
P9 : excess of
glucose contain in blood , food is highly rich in carbohydrates
P10 :
Arteriosclerosis
P12 : fats
deposited in the lumen of blood vessel
P13 : Heart
attack
P14 : blockage in
the coronary artery //
Any other cardiovascular diseases with explanation
|
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9a)
|
P1 : Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains
nitrates/phosphate
P2: Fertilizer/animal waste which contain
nitrate/phosphate may washed out in water when it rains/leaching/run into
the lake.
P3: Algae/green plant in the lake grow faster (when they
are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
P4: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover
the water.
P5: block out the light for plants growing beneath them.
P6.Photosynthesis rate reduced
P7:Dissolve oxygen also reduced
P8: Plants on the
top of water and beneath water eventually die.
P9: Their remains are good source of food bacteria
//bacteria decomposed the dead plant rapidly//bacteria breed rapidly
P10:The large population of bacteria respires, using up
oxygen ,so there is very little oxygen left for other living organism
P11: BOD increased
P12: Those fish which need oxygen have to move other
areas or die
Any 10
|
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(b)
|
Negative/bad
effects
1.
Expose soil to soil erosion// loss of nutrients//loss of water
catchment area
2.
Cause increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
3.
Deforestation causes the removal and thinning of the soil layer due
to exposure to wind and air.
4.
The bottom of river is silted by eroded soil.
5.
Landslide occurs as the top layer of soil crumbles.
6.
Loss of habitats.
7.
Loss of thousand species of flora and fauna due to the loss of
habitats.
Positive/good
effects
1.
Increases job opportunities among villagers.
2.
Improves the infrastructure such as new roads.
3.
Increases the economic level of the villagers by selling logs.
|
About Me
- cikgubio
- My name is Poon Cheng Moh. I have been teaching biology in SMK(P) Raja Zarina, Port Klang for 26 years. I sincerely hope that this blog on SPM Biology will be useful to both teachers and students.
Saturday, June 23, 2012
PEPERIKSAAN PERTENGAHAN TAHUN 2012-III
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