Pemakanan Amoeba

Pergerakan Amoeba

Amali Poses Sains Biology Pg 12-13

Section A

1. a) X : Animal cell

  Y : Plant cell

  b) i) A plant cell has cell wall

ii) A plant cell has large vacuole

iii) A plant cell has chloroplasts.

c)     i) P : mitochondrion

ii) R : Golgi apparatus

      iii) S : Chloroplast

d)  -Completes the synthesis of carbohydrates and hormones

      - Processes, modifies and packs protein

e) Organelle P is a mitochondrion, which is the site for generating energy. Energy is required for cell division, excretion and respiration. If there is no organelle P, all cell activities will stop.

2. a) Stomach. Digestion of food

    b) Epithelial and smooth muscle

    c) The tissue which are found in the skin are epithelial tissues, connective tissues and nerve tissues. Epithelial tissues function as a protective layer. Connective tissues such as blood, supplies oxygen and nutrients to the skin. Muscle tissues are used for the movement of hair in the hair follicles of the skin. Nerve tissues receive stimulus and send impulses from the skin to the central nervous system.

d) Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> System --> Organism

Section B (Please copy this into your small exercise book)

3a)

b)

Organelle	Function
Nucleus	Controls cell activities and contains genetic material
Mitochondria	Site for generating energy through cellular respiration
Chloroplast	Site for photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus	Complete the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins and hormones.

c)

Animal cell	Plant cell
Similarity
Both cells have nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, mitochondrion, ER, Golgi body, ribosomes
Differences
Has irregular shape	Has regular shape
No cell wall	Has cell wall
No chloroplast	Has chloroplast
Has glycogen granules	Has starch granules
Has lysosome	No lysosome
Has none or small vacuoles	Has big vacuoles

4. (a) Adaptations in the structure and physiology of a cell to carry out certain function

(b) Cell

- Both its structure and shape differ from one type to another.

- Each cell carries out specific function.

- A group of cells that have similar structures and perform similar functions form tissue.

Tissue

-Epithelial tissue functions as a protective layer.

- Muscular tissues are able to contract and produce motion for movement purposes.

- Nervous tissues consist of neurons and are specialised in transmitting nerve impulses.

- A group of different types of tissues together to form an organ.

Organ

- Stomach is made up of epithelial and muscular tissues.

- Kidneys are made up of muscular tissues, connective tissues and epithelial tissues.

- A few organs interrelate to form an organ system.

System

- Digestive system consists of mouth cavity, oesophagus, stomach, intestines and pancreas.

- Respiratory system consists of lungs, trachea, bronchus and the nose.

- Nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

- All the organ systems work together to form a multicellular organism.

Amali Proses Sains Biology Pg 7-9

Aim : To study the structures of animal and plant cells

Discussion.

1.  Iodine solution stained the starch grains found in the chloroplasts and in the cytoplasm of  Hydrilla sp. leaf cells to dark blue.  Iodine solution did not  stain the epidermal cells of an onion into dark blue.

2. To stain the nucleus of the cheek cell so that it can be seen clearly.

3. The cytoplasm and the nucleus will be stained yellowish brown. There are no starch grains to be stained dark blue.

4. i)The epidermal cells of an onion have cell wall and vacuole whereas the cheek cells do not have any
ii) Chloroplasts are present in the leaf cells of  Hydrilla sp. but absent in cheek cells.
iii) The epidermal cells of an onion and the leaf cells of  Hydrilla sp.  have regular shape whereas the cheek cells have irregular shape.

Conclusion.

A cell from a green plant has regular shape, cell wall, large vacuole and starch grains.  An animal cell has irregular shape, does not have cell wall, large vacuole and starch grains. 

ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELL

Animal cell

Plant cell

Answers to Pg 13

Section A

1. a) X : Animal cell

Y : Plant cell

b) i) A plant cell has cell wall

ii) A plant cell has large vacuole

iii) A plant cell has chloroplasts.

c) i) P : mitochondrion

ii) R : Golgi apparatus

iii) S : Chloroplast

d) -Completes the synthesis of carbohydrates and hormones

- Processes, modifies and packs protein

e) Organelle P is a mitochondrion, which is the site for generating energy. Energy is requiredfor cell division, excretion and respiration. If there is no organelle P, all cell activities will stop.

2. a) Stomach. Digestion of food

b) Epithelial and smooth muscle

c) The tissue which are found in the skin are epithelial tissues, connective tissues and nerve tissues. Epithelial tissues function as a protective layer. Connective tissues such as blood, supplies oxygen and nutrients to the skin. Muscle tissues are used for the movement of hair in the hair follicles of the skin. Nerve tissues receive stimulus and send impulses from the skin to the central nervous system.

d) Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Systems --> Organism

Section B

3a) Refer to notes.

b)

Organelle	Function
Nucleus	Controls cell activities and contains genetic material
Mitochondria	Site for generating energy through cellular respiration
Chloroplast	Site for photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus	Complete the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins and hormones.

c)

Animal cell	Plant cell
Similarity
Both cells have nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, mitochondrion, ER, Golgi body, ribosomes
Differences
Has irregular shape	Has regular shape
No cell wall	Has cell wall
No chloroplast	Has chloroplast
Has glycogen granules	Has starch granules
Has none or small vacuoles	Has big vacuoles

4. (a) Adaptations in the structure and physiology of to carry out certain function

(b) Cell

- Both its structure and shape differ from one type to another.

- Each cell carries out specific function.

- A group of cells that have similar structures and perform similar functions form tissue.

Tissue

-Epithelial tissue functions as a protective layer.

- Muscular tissues are able to contract and produce motion for movement purposes.

- Nervous tissues consist of neurons and are specialised in transmitting nerve impulses.

- A group of different types of tissues together to form an organ.

Organ

- Stomach is made up of epithelial and muscular tissues .

- Kidneys are made up of muscular tissues, connective tissues and epithelial tissues.

- A few organs interrelate to form an organ system.

System

- Digestive system consists of mouth cavity, oesophagus, stomach, intestines and pancreas.

- Respiratory system consists of lungs, trachea, bronchus and the nose.

- Nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

- All the organ systems work together to form a multicelullar organism.

Amoeba feeding

Amoeba in motion

Non organelle

b) Non organelle	Characteristics	Functions
1. Plasma/cell membrane	-made of protein & phospholipids -semi permeable	-it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cytoplasm
2. Cell wall (Plant cell)	-made of cellulose. -permeable to all fluids	-gives shape to plant -provides mechanical support for the plant cell
3. Cytoplasm	-jelly-like matrix -medium which organelles are suspended. -contains organic and inorganic substances	-medium for biochemical reactions in the cell.

CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

2.1 UNDERSTANDING CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Cell Structure : Organelle

1. What is organelle?

Organelle is a minute structure in the cytoplasm that has a specific function.

a) Organelle	Characteristics	Function
1. Nucleus	-the largest organelle -has chromatin thread	-control all activities of the cell -contain DNA which determine the characteristics and cell functions.
2. Vacoule (plant cell)	-fluid filled sac enclosed by membrane called tonoplast. -the fluid is called cell sap.	-vacoule in plants store chemicals such as water, amino acid, sugar, mineral, waste product. -vacoule regulates water balance in plant cell and paramecium -supports herbaceous plants
3. Mitochondrion	-cylindrical shape -made up of two membrane units	-the site of energy production through cellular respiration. Glucose + O2 +Energy + H2O + CO2 -energy released is used for cellular activities
4. Lysosomes (animal cell)	-contain hydrolytic enzyme. -membrane-bound sac	-release enzyme to digest material in food vacuoles in organisms like Paramecium -break down complex organic molecules(eg protein, lipid, polysaccharides & nucleic acid). -digest bacteria, dead or damaged organelles to enable a cell to renew itself
5. Chloroplast (plant cell)	-lens-shaped -contains chlorophyll.	-traps sunlight (energy) during photosynthesis
6. Centriole (animal cell)	-small cylindrical structure	-form spindle fibres during cell division in animal cells
7. Ribosome	-small spherical organelles -either attached to RER or free	-the site of protein synthesis -use information from nucleus to make these proteins.
8. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) i) RER ii) SER	-The membranes of ER are continuous with the nuclear membrane -has ribosomes attached to its surface -does not have ribosomes attached to its surface	i) RER – Transports protein (made by ribosomes) to Golgi apparatus. -Protein are packaged in vesicles which are called transport vesicle. ii) Synthesis of lipids (phospholipids and steroids) -Detoxification of drugs & poisons
9. Golgi body/ apparatus	-stacks of flattened membranous sacs. -new membrane is continuously added to one end of Golgi apparatus and buds off as secretoryvesicles at the other end.	-processing, packaging and transport center of synthesized proteins (such as enzyme/hormone/antibody, phospholipids and carbohydrate & glycoproteins (such as mucus). -all these modified substances, enclosed in a secretory vesicle and bud off from the Golgi body to the cell membrane/other parts of the cell.